The Tuition Increase Affected Enrollment Rate - 1473 Words

Table of Contents Introduction 3 Background 4 Analysis 5 Factors 6 Recommendation 7 Conclusion 8 References 9 Introduction In 2000, the Board of Ursinus College, raised its tuition from $19,331 to $23,460. This turned out to be a 17.6% increase. Surprisingly, the tuition increase proved to be a positive change for Ursinus College. The college received more than 200 applicants than its previous year (Brickley, Smith and Zimmerman, 2009, p. 110). Other regional institutions such as University of Notre Dame, Bryn Mawr College and Rice University also experienced a similar trend once they increased their tuition rates (Brickley, Smith and Zimmerman, 2009, p. 110). The president of Ursinus College deduced that the tuition increase affected enrollment rate (increased enrollment). She simply stated that â€Å"people don’t want cheap† (Brickley, Smith and Zimmerman, 2009, p. 110). Today, Susan Hansen, Admissions Director of East Liberal Arts College, wishes to increase tuition and reduce financial aid available to students (Brickley, Smith and Zimmerman, 2009, p. 110). Moreover, she has expressed t hat â€Å"increasing tuition and reducing the amount of financial aid will solve the schools financial problems† (Brickley, Smith and Zimmerman, 2009, p. 110). This will be done by â€Å"increasing an effective tuition from $15,000 to $25,000† (Brickley et al., 2009). She also projects that the tuition increase enrollment from 400 to 600 students (Brickley, Smith and Zimmerman,Show MoreRelatedTuition on the Rise: A Cause of Turmoil1111 Words   |  5 PagesTuition on the Rise: A Cause of Turmoil Today colleges are growing more and more necessary for attaining a solid path towards a successful career, yet the rapidly increasing cost of tuition is driving students away from their dream of attending college, due to the preposterous amount of money that is now being demanded by colleges across the nation and world as a whole. It is sad to see students being turned away from a successful future due to the money-hungry nature of the universities that dotRead MoreRising College Tuition1114 Words   |  4 PagesTuition on the Rise: A Cause of Turmoil Today colleges are growing more and more necessary for attaining a solid path towards a successful career, yet the rapidly increasing cost of tuition is driving students away from their dream of attending college, due to the preposterous amount of money that is now being demanded by colleges across the nation and world as a whole. It is sad to see students being turned away from a successful future due to the money-hungry nature of the universities that dotRead MoreHow Tuition Fees Deter The Attendance Essay1448 Words   |  6 PagesIncreased enrollment and a decreased fiscal focus by governments on post-secondary education has led to the ongoing inflation of tuition rates in Canada. By comparing countries with exorbitantly high tuition rates and countries with free education, the efficacy of the Canadian system can be studied. This paper will explore how tuition fees deter the attendance to university by low-income and international students, and address the need to restructure o ur economically outdated post-secondary systemRead MoreHigher Education And The Consequences Of The Rising Student Loan Debt1280 Words   |  6 Pagesafford to provide a safety net. This paper will examine the economic benefits of higher education and the consequences of the rising student loan debt to the nation as a whole. Magnitude of the Student Loan Debt Crisis One in five U.S. households is affected by student loan debt. Forty-one million Americans carry student loan debt with a median balance of approximately $20,000 (Morgenson, 2015). In 2007, the country’s student loan debt was $516 billion, half of what it is today (Bureau, 2015). In theRead MoreThe Impact Of Trends In Higher Education1529 Words   |  7 PagesInstitute (2015) noted that some groups’ rate increased and decreased over the years, and other groups steadily increased, which concluded that some groups were more unstable than others. In 2015, it was noted that there was enough of a decrease in rates in some groups to compensate for the increase in rates of other groups, and this affected the overall HEPI (Commonfund Institute, 2015). An example of this was shown in a graph, which showed a decrease in rates for supplies, materials, and utilitiesRead MoreEssay On Rising Tuition Prices1241 Words   |  5 PagesGraduates: Sky High Tuition Prices College is a huge part of growing up. Teenagers are finally â€Å"adults;† they eventually move away from home and have their own undertakings. It is a great achievement to have received a diploma. However, this is being hindered by rising tuition prices. Unfortunately, this is the case for thousands of teens across the United States. Students are constantly trying to overcome the inflated tuition prices, but it is simply not working. The inflated cost of tuition is leaving studentsRead MoreCalifornia Dream Act Essay1663 Words   |  7 Pagesanswer to our educational system but when better dissected we see that with limited funding, we are defying the rights of legal citizens by providing for the education of the undocumented immigrants and bearing the expense of increased taxes and tuition. So what exactly is the California Dream Act? The California Dream Act will â€Å"allow undocumented immigrants to apply for state-funded scholarships and aid to state universities† (Schools amp; Degrees). In order for the student to qualify they needRead MoreLow Hanging Fruit And Its Effects On The Education Of School Districts1693 Words   |  7 Pagesprocess. Resistance tends to be greater when the people of the community feel uninformed and have a lack of information about both the process of cutting budgets and the results. For this reason, it is important to identify a way to engage the people affected in the process. Many districts find it favorable to have a budget advisory committee, or to gather a group of residents to suggest recommendations to the Board of Education. The most successful budgeting processes occur when the district has a clearRead MoreProject Activities And Sequencing Scenarios1689 Words   |  7 Pagesemployees, who do everything they can to get as many enrollments as possible (just like any other sales company), go without any type of incentive program. This paper will outline the project that upper management and executives have decided to use for an incentive program. This will help improve employee morale, enrollment and profit for the organization. Scope of the Project During the past few months the overall moral among the enrollment staff has declined, with the support of the Senior ManagementRead MoreEssay On The Fund Of Our Childrens Education1145 Words   |  5 Pagesincreased to $956 billion, more than auto loan debt or credit card debt.† (Bennett1). Politicians have been decreasing funding over the last decade, which has forced schools to upsurge tuition, â€Å"Tuition increases have made up only part of the revenue loss resulting from state funding cuts.† (Oliff). Which has led to an increase in student loan debt, but there are also benefits to this. As with increasing education funds, being able to deliver schools with a more prestigious program to enhance student’s

Polymer Chains Free Essays

Name: Jeff Chudakoff Partners: Alejandra Garcia Date: 2 December 2011 TA: Mengbin Chen Skill Building Exercise #2 Answer the following questions: 1. What does it mean when a polymer is crosslinked? Crosslinked is one manner in which monomers link together. In this method, separate polymer chains are connected via bonds between the individual polymer chains. We will write a custom essay sample on Polymer Chains or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2. We discussed how polymer linking and structure contribute to its properties. How would you expect the density, elasticity, and rigidity of a polymer that is branched to compare to one that is linear? I would expect the density of the linear polymer to be much higher than the density of the branched polymer, which I would expect to have low density. The branched structure, though, would be more elastic than the linear structure. The linear polymer would be expected to have more rigidity than the branched structure. 3. Consider the following polymer: a. Identify and draw the chemical formula of the monomer from which this polymer is made of. Clearly explain the criteria you used to identify the monomer. State how many carbons, oxygens, and hydrogens can be found in one monomer of this polymer. This is the monomer. C2H4O) In this monomer there are two carbons, four hydrogens, and one oxygen. I identified this as the monomer by looking for the repeating component of the polymer. b. This polymer is hydrophilic. Give a plausible reason for this behavior. Your explanation should be based on the molecular structure of the polymer, the molecular structure of water, and the interactions be tween molecules of these two substances. You should use terms such as polarity, polar bond, charge, interactions, attractions, repulsions or hydrogen bonds. However, you should use only those terms that apply to this situation. The polymer is surrounded by hydrogens via hydrogen bonds between the hydrogens and the carbons. This is a polar bond, resulting in hydrogen being relatively positively charged. Water molecules are also polar molecules. The oxygen has a relatively negative charge and, thus, would interact with the polymer. There would be attraction between the oxygen of the water and the hydrogens of the polymer, characterizing a hydrophilic property of the polymer. 4. Nylons are named with two numbers. c. What do the 6 and 10 represent in the name of your product? The 6 and 10 represent the number of carbons in the two polymer chains that are connected to construct the nylon. The first chain [N(CH2)6N] has six carbons, while the second [C(CH2)8C] has ten carbons. d. Draw the structure of nylon 5-12. 5. We did not calculate the percent yield for our nylon synthesis because we did not have time to fully dry the product, but it is an important aspect of synthesis. Another difficulty is that the polymer chain length can be variable, so the molecular weight of the monomer is used. e. Assume you began with exactly 20. 00 mL of each reactant. What is the limiting reagent? Show your work. 20. 00mL ? 1L1000mL ? 0. 5mol1L=0. 01mol Hexamethylenediamine 20. 00mL ? 1L1000mL ? 0. 2mol1L=0. 004mol Sebacic Acid Since the mole ratio is 1:1, the one with less is the limiting reactant. Therefore, Sebacic Acid is the limiting reactant. f. What is the theoretical yield in grams of Nylon 6-10? The mole ratio is 1:1; so, we would expect to get the same amount of moles as the limiting reactant (0. 004mol) of Nylon 6-10. 0. 004mol Sebacoyl chloride ? 1 mol 6-10 nylon monomer1 mol Sebacoyl chloride? 282. 42g1mol 6-10 nylon monomer=1. 13 grams 6-10 nylon How to cite Polymer Chains, Papers

Technology and World Change for Dawn of Civilization-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theTechnology and World Change for Dawn of Civilization. Answer: The evolution of technology over the years has brought about radical transformations in almost all aspects of life. The first technological advancements date back to pre-historic times when humans applied their rationale to invent new tools and equipments that would enhance their efficiency in achieving any desired target (Usher 2013). The invention of powered machines root to the basic need of substituting physical labour with machine-driven performance remotely controlled by humans. Latest technological developments have given rise to automated machines that do not require any human supervisor to function properly. While technology continues to bring changes in daily lives, this essay concentrates on its evolution in respect to military equipments. Dawn of civilization was soon followed by clashes within and between various groups and tribes. Mastering at the art of warfare required innovative instruments, giving birth to bows and arrows, the first recorded weapons in the history of civilization. The 9th century saw the invention of gunpowder which was one of the most revolutionary advancements in the field of military and took the technology of warfare one step ahead of others (Dincecco and Onorato 2016). Soon after the invention of gunpowder a variety of explosive weapons like fire arrows, tanks and bombs replaced primitive weapons like bows and arrows. Technology further evolved in the 18th century to give rise to under water weaponry like submarines and under water warships, which effectively changed the contemporary naval warfare scenario (Capecchi 2013). The Germans were the first to extensively use submarines during the first world war, to destroy and sink opposition warships. The main objective behind technological advancements has always been to replace manual labour with mechanical efficiency and accuracy. Unmanned vehicles or robots are usually controlled by Artificial Intelligence or remotely controlled by human supervisors. The biggest advantage of unmanned war machines is that they can function independently, reducing life-risk of a military personnel; and they also function from places where the military cannot reach. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, or drones, are example of auto-pilot war machines which have proven to be relevant because of-- reduction in civilian casualties, efficient destruction of High Value Targets, reduction in life-risk and increased accuracy at a cost-effective fashion (Anderson and Gaston 2013). UAVs continue to send live updates back to the military troops, in form of real-time images. Similarly, ROVs refer to under-water vehicles that are remotely operated by military troops. The emergence of ROVs paved way for under sea warfa re with benefit of under sea surveillance, defence mechanisms and remotely controlled attacks. Identifying under water land mines and clearing them subsequently without putting a military personnel at life-risk proves to be a huge development in the field of technological warfare. Through vivid surveillance with the help of tethered devices, it becomes easier for the marine troops to keep an eye on under water activities and therefore protect their respective regions. Technology is now focusing on anti-submarine warfare where the use of automated ROVs prove to be extremely useful in detecting submarines and tracking them for long distances. Though the issues regarding fully automated ROVs still remain, it still proves to be a much more efficient and cost-effective alternative for military purposes. As the use of automated war machines remain a highly debatable topic, there are two main ethical concerns related to it. On one hand, ROVs provide artificial conscience which make them bound to the ethics of fighting war, unlike human conscience which might momentarily violate the ethics by allowing or performing illegal activities. On the other hand, easy access to inexpensive warfare technologies and increased life-security for military personnels increase the probability of economically backward countries to join the war, increasing the scope for recurrent and more brutal wars. Vehicles on ground with attached GPS and cameras can be used as personal guides, directing passengers to their desired destinations, without any human assistance. Singapores V15 is a breakthrough for its ability to take off and land vertically. Its speciality is that it can connect with another unmanned system on ground and use it as a landing platform. Singapore has taken progressive steps regarding the application of drones in daily lives. The Singapore government recently approved the Unmanned Aircraft Bill, setting rules and regulations on the usage of the same (Chen 2017). Drones can now be used to spot endangered species in their natural habitats and keep a track on them (Sandbrook 2015). Various illegal activities like animal poaching and smuggling can now be easily detected and removed from the system. A German company named Height-Tech is using super fast drones to get urgent medical help in interior areas where ambulance cannot reach. The main legal challenge faced by the use of unmanned systems is the breach in privacy and safety due to easy access to surveillance. Another major legal issue would be the ambiguity regarding the liability of the vehicle (Rosn 2014). To conclude, unmanned vehicles are the latest evolutions of the technological era that has set the world a step ahead, in spite of the ethical and legal issues. References: Anderson, K. and Gaston, K.J., 2013. Lightweight unmanned aerial vehicles will revolutionize spatial ecology.Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,11(3), pp.138-146. Capecchi, D., 2013. Over and undershot waterwheels in the 18th century. Science-technology controversy.Advances in Historical Studies,2(03), p.131. Chen, S., 2017. The regulatory framework for aerial imaging by recreational users of" drones" in Singapore: Old and emerging issues and some possible solutions.Singapore Academy of Law Journal,29(1), p.126. Dincecco, M. and Onorato, M.G., 2016. Military conflict and the rise of urban Europe.Journal of Economic Growth,21(3), pp.259-282. Rosn, F., 2014. Extremely stealthy and incredibly close: drones, control and legal responsibility.Journal of Conflict and Security Law,19(1), pp.113-131. Sandbrook, C., 2015. The social implications of using drones for biodiversity conservation.Ambio,44(4), pp.636-647. Usher, A.P., 2013.A history of mechanical inventions: revised edition. Courier Corporation.

Oop Inheritance free essay sample

Sehubungan itu anda dikehendaki menyertakan contoh pewarisan yang bersesuaian dalam penerangan anda dan sertakan gambarajah sekiranya ia membantu penerangan anda. Seterusnya terangkan apakah kebaikan pewarisan dalam pengkodan aturcara kepada pelajar anda. INHERITANCE 1. 0 INTRODUCTION Inheritance is a relation given to the classes in a program. A class can acquire the other class members. Inherited members are available for a classs use as though they were defined in the same class. Inheritance occurs when one class is derived from another. The strength of inheritance is to reuse the existing class and modify the existing class to a new class. Reusing the existing code minimizes the re-occurrences of instructions in a program. This unit introduces you to the inheritance feature of OOP. Inheritance is the capability by which the objects of one class inherit the members of the objects in another class. Consider class1 and class2. Class1 is used to derive/create class2. We will write a custom essay sample on Oop Inheritance or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Class1 is called the base class and class2 is called the derived class. To understand inheritance, consider the following example. Figure 1:Example for Inheritance In the Figure 1, the class Automobile can be classified into Car class Bus class In the example, Automobile is the base class. Car and Bus are called derived classes and belong to the base class Automobile. They share common characteristics and functions. For example, Automobiles are self-propelled vehicles that can move on the wheels. They are differentiated in few of their characteristics like number of seats, fuel type etc. 2. 0 ADVANTAGES OF INHERITANCE The advantages of inheritance are: * It allows the reusability of the base class function in the derived classes * The code and data are brought together in a class. It eliminates the duplication of code and promoting reuse. * Each derived class will only have the variables it needs. * Each derived class implements methods they way it needs to. 3. 0 TYPES OF INHERITANCE Inheritance enables to define a new class from an existing one. The existing class is the super or base class. The classes that are derived from the existing one are derived or subclasses. The relationship between the base and derived classes is referred as derivation or inheritance hierarchy. There are five ways of deriving a class as shown in Figure 2. Inheritance Single Inheritance Multiple Inheritances Hierarchical Inheritance Multilevel Inheritance Hybrid Inheritance Figure 2: Types of Inheritance 3. 0. 1 Single Inheritance Single inheritance is the type of inheritance where a derived class inherits only from one base class. This is shown in Figure 3. base_class derived _class Figure 3: Representation for Single Inheritance Consider the example of an Automobile. The base class is Automobile while the derived class is Car. Car inherits certain characteristics and functions only from the base class Automobile as shown in Figure 4. Automobile Car Figure 4: Example for Single Inheritance 3. 0. 2 Multiple Inheritance Multiple inheritance is the type of inheritance where a derived class inherits from many base classes. Consider the example of a child. A child inherits certain characteristics and functions of his/her father and mother as shown in Figure 5. Mother| | Father| | | | Child Figure 5: Example for Multiple Inheritance 3. 0. 3 Hierarchical Inheritance Hierarchical inheritance is the type of inheritance where many derived classes inherit from a single base class. Consider the example of an account. The savings, fixed deposit and the current account inherits the characteristics like account number, date of deposition of money in the account etc. nd functions like calculating the interest accordingly. This is represented in Figure 6. Account Savings Account| | Current Account| | | | Fixed Deposit Account Figure 6: Example for Hierarchical Inheritance 3. 0. 4 Multilevel Inheritance Multilevel inheritance is the type of inheritance, where a derived class inherits the members from the main base class. This derived class, in turn, acts as the base class for another class. Consider the example of a child. A child inherits from his/her father. The father inherits from his grandfather. This representation is shown in Figure 7. Grandfather Father Child Figure 7: Example for Multilevel Inheritance 3. 0. 5 Hybrid Inheritance Hybrid inheritance is the type of inheritance where multiple derived classes inherit members from a single base class. These derived classes further act as base classes for a single derived class. Consider the example of Apple. Green Apple and Golden Apple belong to the class of Apple. Hybrid Apple is obtained by the combination of Green and Golden apple. This representation is shown in Figure 8. Apple Hybrid Apple Green Apple Golden Apple Apple Hybrid Apple Green Apple Golden Apple Figure 8: Example for Hybrid Inheritance 4. 0 CONCLUSION Types of Inheritance| Description| Single| One derived class inherits members fromone base class| Multiple| One derived class inherits members frommany base classes| Hierarchical| Many derived classes inherit membersfrom one base class| Multilevel| One derived class inherits the membersfrom the main base class. This derivedclass, in turn, acts as the base class foranother class. | Hybrid| One derived class inherits members from many base classes and these base classes inherit members from one base class.

Jfk Assassination Essays (1448 words) - Lee Harvey Oswald

Jfk Assassination Essays (1448 words) - Lee Harvey Oswald Jfk Assassination FCA: Matt Motta Organization- /30 4/3/00 Support- /40 Block H Documentation- /30 JFK Assassination John F Kennedy was shot down unlawfully in his prime. That is a pin that has been in the nations back since it happened back on November 22, 1963. A theory that has lead the race of who killed JFK was the Lone Gunman theory of Lee Harvey Oswald. Since this theory has been so inconclusive, other theories have appeared and are catching up to Lee Harvey Oswald. Some of these theories are just ridiculous but on the other hand ,some are very possible. The most plausible theory is that Lee Harvey Oswald shot John F Kennedy during his drive through Dallas, there is not enough evidence to convict Oswald, so other theories have come about. On November 22, 1963, President Kennedy took a trip to Dallas, Texas to mend some old news with the democrats and to gain votes for the upcoming 1964 election. In Dallas, JFK was greeted by over 200,000 spectators through the uptown and downtown Dallas area. A motorcade had driven them to the Dallas Trade Mart where JFK was to make a speech, later on that day. JFK, along with his wife Jackie, traveled with Texas Governor John Connally and his wife Nellie drove to Dallas Love Field, where they arrived at 11:37 A.M. The motorcade then took a right from Harwood St., onto Main Street, headed towards Dealey Plaza, a park built to celebrate the birthplace of Dallas. The car then made a right turn onto Houston Street. Nellie Connolly, at this point turned to President Kennedy , and said you cant say Dallas doesnt love you.(Moore NP) Then the gunshot fired that woke up the world. At 12:30 P.M., on November 22, 1963, shots rang out in Dealey Plaza. To some of the witnesses on the scene, the first sounded like a firecracker. (Kritzberg 63) President Kennedy had wounds on his back, his throat, and numerous shots to the head. Governor Connally suffered a wound in his back, his chest, two wounds in his right wrist, and a wound in his left thigh. Fortunately, these wounds were not fatal for the Governor. (Donnelly 116-120) A bystander named James Tague was wounded on his cheek by a bullet and/or concrete fragments caused by a missed shot. (Kritzberg 63) Witnesses at the scene heard anywhere from 2 shots to 7 shots. It was concluded these shots came out a rifle. The rifle was later found hidden behind some boxes as well as three empty cartridge cases in the same room as the suspected shooting, in the Texas School Book Depository Building. The police were later accused of planting the rifle and cartridge cases. President Kennedy was pronounced dead at 1 p.m., central standard time. (Donnelly 69) The most suspected shooter was Lee Harvey Oswald. Oswald belonged to the Marine Corp for most of his life. Oswald was trained in radar electronics, and had a background in security clearance. Oswald had experience with rifles, contacts in the CIA, possibly the Soviet Union and the KGB. The government claims that Oswald was just someone off the street who had a grudge against Kennedy. (Benson 190-193) Oswald was a communist, which would mean the Oswald believed that the president was no better than any other man. His beliefs made him an instant suspect for the CIA. (Benson 147) A major point in the discussion if Oswald did it or not is that the parade was running 6 minutes late. This means Oswald wouldnt have known, which he means he was waiting at the window for at least 6 minutes which he wasnt. Throughout the assassination Oswald was said to have been in the lunch room , however , no one could provide proof that they had seen him in the room where the shots were fired. Police swarmed the Texas School Book Depository Building believing the shots came from the third floor. On their way, they found Oswald sitting in the Lunch Room composed and quietly eating his lunch. (Kritzberg 60, 61, 69)Officer Baley was the police officer who entered the building after the shots were fired. When he did , he found Oswald in the Lunch Room. This created a problem in the timing element of the assassination. If Oswald were the shooter, then he would have needed to run four floors to the window where the shots were fired, then run back in 90 seconds to the lunch room. Oswalds arrest seems suspicious at this point because had he fired 4 shots and ran four floors as well

Politicians and Humpty Dumpty

Politicians and Humpty Dumpty Politicians and Humpty Dumpty Politicians and Humpty Dumpty By Maeve Maddox When I use a word, Humpty Dumpty said, in a rather scornful tone, it means just what I choose it to mean, neither more nor less. The question is, said Alice, whether you can make words mean so many different things. The question is, said Humpty Dumpty, which is to be master thats all. (Through the Looking-Glass Chapter Six) I was in Arkansas the year that then-governor Mike Huckabee refused to sign a tornado relief bill because he objected to the conventional term act of God: act of God uncontrollable natural force first recorded 1882. (Online Etymology Dictionary) On December 31, 2007. the Los Angeles Times reminded the nation of this incident in an article that has stirred up a lot of blog commentary. In order to mitigate fears that the Baptist presidential hopeful would permit his religious beliefs to interfere with decisions of state, Huckabee apologists have come to his defense. They argue that Huckabee merely wanted to change the terminology so that insurance companies would pay. According to a NY Times story dated March 21, 1997, however, Huckabee refused to sign the bill because doing so would violate his conscience: Mr. Huckabee said that signing the legislation would be violating my own conscience inasmuch as it described a destructive and deadly force as being an act of God. Mr. Huckabeesuggested that the phrase acts of God be changed to natural disasters. All language is metaphor. The word is not the thing. The map is not the territory. I am reading a book, livre, boek, Buch, biblio, libro, livro. A rose by any name Words are labels. They mean what we say they mean. Changing acts of God to natural disasters will not alter the fact that insurance companies dont want to pay for damages caused by tornadoes, hurricanes, or floods. When a word or expression becomes a shibboleth, people suffer. shibboleth 1382, the Heb. word shibboleth flood, stream, also ear of corn, in Judges xii:4-6. It was the password used by the Gileadites to distinguish their own men from fleeing Ephraimites, because Ephraimites could not pronounce the -sh- soundA similar test-word was cicera chick pease, used by the Italians to identify the French (who could not pronounce it correctly) during the massacre called the Sicilian Vespers (1282). (Online Etymology Dictionary) The consequence of the wrong pronunciation for both Ephraimites and French was death. TIP: Relieve the tedium of political coverage during the next ten months. Keep a notebook by your TV chair. Collect words and expressions. Record those that upset the candidates, and the words they all use, but which carry no specific meaning and can therefore mean anything they want them to. Remember Humpty Dumpty. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:The Royal Order of Adjectives What to Do When Words Appear Twice in a RowWhat the heck are "learnings"?

PredatorPrey Relationships in West Virginia Essay

PredatorPrey Relationships in West Virginia - Essay Example Many believe the carrying capacity, the maximum number of animals the environment can support has been reached this can have devastating outcomes (Grafton 2008). There are major problems with deer populations in many states; however, in West Virginia populations can run as high as 75 deer per square mile (Williams 2005). In all cases, the root of the problem stems from a lack of natural predators and an ecological negative feedback loop that involves declines in forest health and composition. White tailed deer populations in excess of 20 per square mile are largely responsible for lack of woody and herbaceous regeneration (Grace 2008). Habitat impacts from such extensive deer overpopulation range from destruction of native understory, as deer are mostly browsers, eliminating low growing shrubs and herbaceous material to loss of small mammals and their predators. They are also responsible for dramatic changes in the hardwood diversity of eastern forests when they browse on immature hardwoods, killing them and thereby changing the fundamental structure of the canopy (Grace 2008). This affects every species in the system. The US Forest Service determined at more than 20 deer per square mile, there is a loss of many common bird species such as cerulean warblers, yellow-billed Cuckoos, indigo buntings, eastern peewees, and even robins disappear (Williams 2005). With the loss of these botanical species and associated birds, there is also a loss of small mammals due to lack of adequate cover and food resources (Broache 2005). Interestingly, it has been shown that silvicultural practices in managed hardwood forests of West Virginia have contributed to an initial increase of small mammal abundance diversity, usually until succession returns to the forest area (Kirkland 1975). This is thought to be due to an increase in consumption of seeds and seedlings, which in the long term has a deleterious impact on forest regeneration. In addition to anthropological restructuring of the forest's ecosystem, deer overpopulation has compounded the problem. Habitat alteration contributes to what still may be the root of the problem, which is the loss of the deer's natural predators from the system; bear, wolves and cougar that began in the 1700s. Numbers of the eastern timber wolf, black bear, and eastern cougar and all at historic lows since the area was first settled in the 1700s. Black bear in the state are estimated to be fewer than 8,000 individuals and both the wolf and cougar are listed on the Endangered Species list (Weaver 2007, USFWS 2008). Studies in Yellowstone have shown that large predators actually increase herd fitness by 30-40 percent when the herd has good quality habitat in which to bed, hide and feed upon (Brown 2006). Large predator prey relationships were studied over the long term at Michigan's Isle Royale National Park, where wolf and moose populations were shown to rise and fall in connected cycles (Milhill, 2008). The lack of predators in National Parks such as Yosemite and Zion has lead to large deer populations where stream bank erosion and loss of habitat for amphibians and butterflies have occurred (Milhill, 2008). With the lack of these large predators to help maintain deer populations, the dee r are beginning to overpopulate the landscape, which hurts not only the ecology of the

Small Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Small Business - Essay Example The college has three academic batches out of which two were in post graduation, one in under graduation with a sum total of 150 students supported with 30 teaching staff and non-teaching staff. The students have to take a ten minutes walk if they want to board any transport means, to eat, to shop anything for their stay in the campus hostel. The working hours starts at 9:30 am in the morning breaks for a lunch at 12:40pm with a break in between at 11:15am.The College has a dining hall to cater the food facilities daily for both day scholars and hostellers. The payment is done monthly to the caterers .food is served only at three times a day morning breakfast, launch and dinner. A person doesn't get any snacks or eateries in between the sessions, as there was no facility in the campus other than the dining hall. The dining hall became a profit making entity for the caterers, as there is no other option to choose for the students and the staff working in the campus. The caterers have a confined market avenue with an assured customer base and started responding to their requirements. The caterers are having monopoly in this food service as there is only having sole business entity in the campus.

The Albany Congress Essay Example for Free

The Albany Congress Essay During the two Decades from 1754 to 1775, the American colonies moved from division to unity. The accomplishments of the Albany Congress, the Stamp Act Congress, and the First Continental Congress caused this change. The Albany Congress was held in 1754. It was a meeting of representatives from various colonies in response to the war between Britain and France. The main plan was to form a colonial defense and gain the support of the Iroquois Confederacy. They also debated an intercolonial government. Ben Franklin and Thomas Hutchinson were the authors of the Albany Plan. They proposed an elected assembly would plan for a common defense paid for by taxes levied by congress. Although the plan did not pass, because the colonies were not ready to share their powers to tax with each other, it did put the idea of a unified nation in the minds of the colonists. The Stamp Act Congress was held in New York City in1765. Delegates from 9 American Colonies gathered to respond to the Stamp Act Parliament passed. The Stamp Act taxed commercial or legal documents, licenses, newspapers, permits, pamphlets and even playing cards. It was not a heavy tax but if they let Parliament pass this tax, they would only have more in the future. No taxation without representation basically means the English colonies did not want to be taxed without their consent. The First Continental Congress met in 1774 in Philadelphia to protest Britains Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts): 1. Boston Ports would be closed until compensation was met to the East India Tea Company for the Boston Tea Party. 2. The Colonial Charter was annulled and they replaced colonial officials with royal officials and they banned town meetings. 3. Royal Officers would not be tried in colonial courts. 4. They legalized quartering of troops in public buildings and private homes. 5. They established a government in Quebec and gave them the territory claimed by colonists North of the Ohio River. Twelve of the colonies were present at the meeting (not Georgia.) They urged the colonies to form militias. They formed the Continental Association to boycott British goods. They also voted to reconvene the following spring if Britain would not redress American grievances. After this meeting, the majority of the colonies were in unity.

Marketing, Advertising, Style and Art Essay -- Marketing Advertising A

Marketing, Advertising, Style and Art: Life Should be Lived, Not Painted Man-made objects produced for acquisition depend on the ability to carry an image of style. The consumer is persuaded that ownership will enable them to inherit this style transforming their lives into perfect, happy reflections of the people featured in advertisements. These objects can be applied to any aspect of life as a fast answer to the question of style. The media promotes and reflects the current mainstream culture's standards for life style, class and importance of appearance. The media uses images of thin, beautiful women in well kept stylish homes and links these images to other symbols of prestige, happiness, love and success for women. Repeated exposure to this ideal via the various media can lead to the internalisation of this ideal. It also renders these images achievable and real. By targeting advertisements at set demographic groups, the choice of how to split responsibility for domestic chores is taken away. Instead we are presented with a list of acceptable social rules that are different for each gender. An example would be Fairy washing up liquid, in the advertisements we always see a mother doing dishes, with her child somewhere near by. This is communicating a message that washing up is a women’s work and worse still a feminine thing to do, as if to say a man who washes up risks losing part of his masculinity. When considered it seems ridiculous that we would let the media keep such sexist themes alive but the sad fact is that the majority are so conditioned to this train of thought, in order to preserve our gender identities, we must conform. Objects therefore not only posses the power to add style to our lives but to delegat... ...lives it is just a case of applying the same recipe. For instance look at a new sofa in a shop window now forget its advertising style and price, refuse to listen to the cocky sales person and think. Look at it for what it is, an object, with one use and one use only to sit on. Obsession with possessions is everyone’s burden the key is in realising we are all involved in a universal scam. Instead of accepting things as they are presented, take them out of context and produce a new meaning. Once this new meaning has been regarded something of the original meaning is lost forever and in this way we can liberate ourselves. Using these ideas as a tool to reject the regimes that the media present, to re-write the language of style. Many people have used an expression as a defining point of their admiration for Marcel Duchamp’s ideals â€Å"life should be lived, not painted†.

African American and Their Rights Essay

Since slavery, African Americans have gone through a lot to reach their current state. In the early 20th century, African Americans faced discrimination, isolation, and were segregated according to their skin color. It started when Europeans brought the first Africans to America, and continued throughout the Civil War. The American government made some changes in policies. A variety of leaders shaped the successful struggle toward black equality in America (Bowles, 2011). Ever since slavery begun, African Americans have been determined to end segregation, discrimination, and isolation. Activists such as, Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X, and others, joined together to put an end to segregation, discrimination, and isolation to attain civil rights and equality. Slavery had changed dramatically in the late 1600s. About this time the slave trade to American colonies also began increasing to meet the demand for cheap labor. Traders sold slaves to the Northern colonies, but English and other European immigrants satisfied the demand for labor there (Echerd, 2009). Slaves in America came from western and central Africa. African tribes sometimes enslaved those defeated in intertribal wars and sold their captives to European slave traders. The tribes raided villages to obtain slaves to trade for European goods. Slave traders had even offered the Africans guns and other goods for the slaves. Slaves lived a rough, hard life. Cheap labor was a huge part of their lives. They had to work from sunrise to sunset. The work consisted of clearing land, tended to fields of tobacco, rice, and vegetables. They also performed many other tasks that had helped make plantations almost completely self-sufficient. No slaves saw any money for their tasks that they had performed, but they did receive food, clothing, and shelter. The slaves had resided in small one-room huts, which had no windows and the floors were all dirt. Most slaves accepted their living condition, however, they knew no other way of life (Koehler, 2009). However, white Southerners regained control of state governments in the South during the late 1870s, however, and reversed most of the previous gains made by former slaves. For example: segregation. What is segregation? According to Webster’s Dictionary, to segregate is defined as to separate or set apart from others; isolate or to require, often with force, the separation of a specific racial, religious, or other group from the body of society. Segregation has been a part of our American heritage, almost from the moment slaves arrived on the shores of the New World (Bowles, 2011). In 17th century Virginia, the theocratic government feared that racial mixing between freed and enslaved blacks and white indentured servants would become a means to usurp government power. They passed laws in which the color line was clearly defined in any criminal punishments. By treating whites and blacks separately and unequally, these Virginian leaders set up a system of white supremacy that would become an essential component of American slavery. Separation and segregation was the order of the day, with African Americans being forced to ride in separate railroad cars, have their own hotels and courthouses, and even get water out of their own drinking fountains. Their children could not attend the same schools with the White children. To further push the color-line, they then added in segregation with the Jim Crow Laws. This is mainly because the Whites were considered to be superior, and hence were thought to deserve better schools with better facilities. African Americans on the other hand were considered inferior, and hence their children attended low-quality schools that lacked adequate facilities (Sitkoff & Franklin, 2008). The Northern States, which had grew and prospered during the war, believed the former slaves to be equal as any other person. The Southern States, still angry over the loss of the war and their firm belief in White superiority, took a different approach. They created and enforced what were known as the Black Codes. These were legislations passed in Southern states to control labor, migration and other activities of the freed slaves. Black Codes allowed legal marriage, property ownership and limited access to the court systems. It prohibited them from testifying against whites, serving on juries or militias, voting and publicly expressing any form of legal concerns ( www. history. com). Any former slave that did not sign yearly labor contract with the plantation owners could be arrested and hired out. The Black codes in short allowed for the continued and legal discrimination against the former slaves (www. history. com). Congress quickly responded to these laws in 1866 and seized the initiative in remaking the south. Republicans wanted to ensure that with the remaking the south, freed blacks were made viable members of society. But the strong southern legislatures finally gave in; in 1868 they repealed most of the laws that discriminated against blacks. Things were starting to look up. But by 1877 Democratic parties regained their power of the south and ended reconstruction. In 1882, southern states passed Jim Crow laws that enforced strict segregation between blacks and whites and limited African-American civil rights. This was devastating to the blacks. After all the strides they made were reversed. From holding political offices, the right to vote, and participating as equal members of society was changed. The south gradually reinstated the racially discriminatory laws. The two main goals they wanted these laws to achieve: disenfranchisement and segregation. To take away the power that the blacks had gained, the Democratic Party began to stop Blacks from voting. There were many ways to stop blacks from voting. Some of these things were poll tax, which were fees were charged at voting booths and were expensive for most blacks, and the literacy test. Since teaching blacks were illegal, most adult blacks were former slaves and illiterate. And the other goal, segregation, causes the democrats to create laws that segregated the schools and public facilities. The Northern States, which had grew and prospered during the war, believed the former slaves to be equal as any other person. The Southern States, still angry over the loss of the war and their firm belief in White superiority, took a different approach. They created and enforced what were known as the Black Codes. These were legislations passed in Southern states to control labor, migration and other activities of the freed slaves. Black Codes allowed legal marriage, property ownership and limited access to the court systems. It prohibited them from testifying against whites, serving on juries or militias, voting and publicly expressing any form of legal concerns. Any former slave that did not sign yearly labor contract with the plantation owners could be arrested and hired out. The Black codes in short allowed for the continued and legal discrimination against the former slaves. Just like some African Americans activists fought this segregation, some Whites had some groups of their own to carry the segregation on and on. The Ku Klux Klan was one of them. The Ku Klux Klan, Knights of White Camellia, and other terrorists murdered thousands of blacks and some whites to prevent them from voting and participating in public life. The KKK was founded in 1865 to 1866. They directed their violence towards black landowners, politicians, and community leaders. They also did this to people who supported Republicans or racial equalities (Anti-Defamation League, 2012). After the abolishment of slavery in the U. S. the KKK formed. They hated blacks and would commit crimes against them. Murders, hangings, and lynches are just some of the crimes against the blacks (www. kkk. bz, n. d. ). The Ku Klux Klan claims to be just defending their people like other races do. What is a lynching? Lynching is a form of punishment with no legal permission. Most times lynching occurred against African Americans by hanging them. This was very popular during the Gilded Age after the American Civil War when African Americans were freed from slavery. Many White men would use lynching against Black men for being in a mixed relationship with a White woman. However, because lynching had no legal basis, it was thought to have been a tool that was used against freed slaves that had achieved financial stability and authority in order to remain a White-dominated nation. Lynching was most likely performed by White Supremacy groups like the KKK. Lynching was done by hanging or shooting, or both. However, many were of a more hideous nature. Burning at the stake, maiming, dismemberment, castration, and other brutal methods of physical torture are all part of a lynching. Lynching therefore was a cruel combination of racism and sadism, which was utilized primarily to sustain the caste system in the South. Many white people believed that Negroes could only be controlled by fear. To them, lynching was seen as the most effective means of control. Defending your people is one thing, but to torture another human being is inhuman. The KKK has several stories out there today on how they treated the blacks, whether they did anything wrong or not. For instance, a Louisiana woman is in critical condition after she was set on fire, resulting in burns on roughly 60 percent of her body, and her car appears to have had racial slurs written on it at the time of her attack (Mach, n. d. ). They had even gone as far as church bombings. The KKK launched a bomb into a church during a Sunday service, which left four innocent teenage girls dead. The men responsible hid behind the cloak of secrecy, intimidation and the white robes of the oldest terrorist organization in the world, the Ku Klux Klan (Gado, n. d. ). Therefore, until the Civil Rights Act of 1964, racial discrimination is an issue that was not seriously tackled. The act was a successful result of most wide-ranging civil rights legislation and Civil Rights Movements for close to a century (Finkelman, 2009). The act declared discrimination on the basis of color, race, ethnicity, religion, and many other aspects as unconstitutional. During the critical years from 1954 to 1963, a variety of leaders with different backgrounds, such as lawyers from the NAACP, women sitting on buses, ministers from southern black churches, militants from black power organizations, and youth from colleges had shaped the successful struggle toward black equality in America (Bowles, 2011). In 1896, the Supreme Court’s Plessy v. Ferguson decision established that â€Å"separate but equal† facilities for whites and blacks were allowable under the U. S. Constitution. Local governmental officials could designate separate public facilities like drinking fountains, restrooms, and schools. Even courthouses often had separate Bibles according to the defendant’s race. The problem was that separate usually meant unequal, and segregation subverted the freedom of every African American (Sundquist, 1993). Now, it is time for the African- Americans to fight back. The incident that made them want to make a difference was the Rosa Park bus ride. After a long day of work on December 1, 1955, Parks, feet hurt, looked forward to sitting on the bus for her ride home. At the time, there was a city ordinance stating that African Americans had to give up their seats on a train or bus if a white man asked for them. When a white man approached Parks and told her that he wanted her seat, she simply said no. Although she acted as a private citizen, her response was as an informed, committed member of the NAACP movement. The bus driver had asked Parks to move. When she did not, the bus driver said, â€Å"Look, woman, I told you I wanted the seat. Are you going to stand up? † When Parks again said no, the driver threatened, â€Å"If you don’t stand up, I’m going to have you arrested. † She gave no reply but at the next stop, Rosa was arrested (Garrow, 2004). A pastor known as Martin Luther King Jr., organized a boycott, the Montgomery bus boycott. King Jr. took this to a higher level and maintained and organized the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), which coordinated similar bus boycotts in other cities. Shortly after the boycott, King had found a bomb on his porch. King went to Birmingham, Alabama, where he continued his nonviolent protests and marches. However, the police authorized force to disband King’s followers by using electric cattle prods, tear gas, and fire hoses (Bowles, 2011). King was arrested with the others, but upon his release from jail he went to Washington, D. C., where he and demonstrators met at the National Mall and addressed them with his famous â€Å"We Shall Overcome† speech on August 23, 1963. King’s words at the capital that day were a defining moment of the Civil Rights movement. Other demonstrations and civil disobedience campaigns sought to increase African-American voter registration and win better jobs. Malcolm X actively promoted the Black Muslim cause. Even after speaking about non-violence and wanting peace, Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated. The civil rights movement dramatically increased participation of African- American voters in both the South and the North today. By the mid-70s some 4000 African-Americans have been elected to political office at all levels of government. Qualified African-Americans now have a wider range of opportunities than ever before. Whether you are White or African-American, each group has faced its own peculiar challenges on its approach to democracy (Rappaport, 2001). This racism is wrong and unconstitutional. The 13th Amendment is ratified, abolishing slavery, which some people still went against it. The 14th Amendment granted citizenship to the former slaves and forbade states from denying any person life, liberty, or property without due process of the law. The 14th Amendment also guaranteed equal protection of the law for all citizens. The 15th Amendment barred states from denying citizens the right to vote based on race, color, or previous servitude (Hertz, 2009). In a perfect world, everyone would be equal. The color of one’s skin, religious beliefs or sexual preference would mean nothing. We would accept everyone for whom and what they are. We would rejoice in the differences between each other instead of belittling, hating and discriminating against those differences. We don’t however live in a perfect world. We live in a world filled with distrust and hate. If we don’t know or understand it in our society, then it is wrong. It will be discriminated against in one form or another. We as a country have made major strides in overcoming racism, however we still have far to go. In conclusion, African Americans faced isolation, discrimination, and segregation during the post-construction period. Racial discrimination was also prevalent in the military where back soldiers were considered inferior to white soldiers and hence poorly trained and equipped. The issue of racial discrimination, isolation and segregation was not seriously tackled until the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was enacted. Civil rights activists such as Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. organized the famous 1963 protest in Washington that eventually forced President John Kennedy to pass the Act. It is therefore, clear that the journey to end isolation, discrimination, and segregation to attain equality and civil rights has been hard but worthwhile. ? References Bowles, M. (2011). American History 1865- Present End of Isolation. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint. Retrieved at: https://content.ashford. edu/books/AUHIS204. 11. 2 Finkelman, P. (2009) Encyclopedia of African American history, 1896-present, Madison Avenue, New York: Oxford University Press Rappaport, D. (2001). Martin’s Big Words: The Life of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Sitkoff, H. , & Franklin, J. (2008) The Struggle for Black equality. Hill and Wang Publication http://www. adl. org/learn/ext_us/kkk/default. asp? LEARN_Cat=Extremism&LEARN_SubCat=Extremism_in_America&xpicked=4&item=kkk http://www. history. com/topics/black-codes Civil Rights Act of 1964 http://www. ourdocuments. gov/doc. php? doc=97&page=transcript.

Research Paper on Abortion

The ethics of abortion is one of the most controversial topic that has been continually argued over years and probably many years to come. The main controversy is the question of legalization of abortion, which ties into ethical issues, emotions, and political issues or laws. Before I discuss the many sides to abortion, it is critical to define the term. The Webster’s Dictionary defines abortion as the termination of a pregnancy after, accompanied by, resulting in, or closely followed by the death of the fetus. Despite the liberal attitudes toward abortion, it still remains an important political issue. Even in societies where abortion has been legalized, many actions are being raised by the anti-abortionists. These anti-abortionists believe in â€Å"pro-life† and their religious perspectives are responsible in their arguments against abortion. They believe that â€Å"it is equally as heinous intentionally to kill a human being in existence at fertilization, as to kill a larger pre-born child. † On the other hand, there are reasons for legalization of abortion. Most people agree with the concept of reproductive freedom—the fundamental right of every individual to decide freely and responsibly when and whether to have a child. Human life is defined as â€Å"any living entity that has DNA from the species homo sapiens. This includes an ovum, spermatozoon, zygote, embryo, fetus, newborn. It also includes an infant, child, adult, elder. It also includes a breast cancer cell and a hair follicle and a skin scraping. Some forms of human life have little or no value; others are the most valuable and precious form of life in the known universe†. Because an unborn fetus is considered to have a human life, abortion should not be legalized. It is a definitely a crime to kill a living and breathing fetus even though the embryo may not take the form of a human structure. If abortion is permitted, the dignity of human will be destroyed. In the medical field, the doctors prescribe the baby before 15 days after conception as dividing cells. But after this short period, abortion is prohibited from the principal of identifying. This is because the fertilization process contains many cell divisions by zygote progressing into a human being. Many people assert the right that women do not have a baby because they have the right to choose. But it is neglecting the right of the baby who has his or her own life. Just because an unborn fetus is not capable to express his or her feelings, is it morally right to end its life? Considering moral issues, abortion is definitely equally termed a murder. However, I do understand the other point of view for legalizing abortion. The exception to abortion is considered when the mother bearing the child has illnesses or diseases that can be transmitted to the baby genetically. Also, financial issues are often being raised by the parents whom are not able to support another family in the house. In this case, abortion may be permitted because it is rather better to not be alive than be living under such poor conditions. Furthermore, abortion is considered as a rightful act when the women get pregnant from rape. Some people may generally think that a crippled person is pessimistic about the world. But in fact, they thank their parents who gave life to them. The life as a handicapped person could be better than not experiencing life at all. If it’s not by the force of other one, people must take the responsibility for their behavior. Every action you make comes in consequences and therefore, it is important to choose birth controls if pregnancy is not wanted. If the reason that causing abortion is merely a problem of foster, it is never permitted. We must keep in mind that life is most precious thing in the world. It is estimated that the number of aborted babies is almost 4000 in a month. Vast majority of abortions are done for convenience, by women who simply want to terminate an unwanted pregnancy. But abortion is a murder. So, now is the time for us to think about the abortion again and to search for the best solution. In any circumstances, the life must be admired. Work Cited http://www.religioustolerance.org/abortion.htm http://abortion-alternatives.adoption.com/ http://www.friesian.com/abortion.htm

Hypothesis testing homework solutions Essays - Summary Statistics

Hypothesis testing homework solutions Essays - Summary Statistics Hypothesis testing homework solutions Setting up and interpreting results of a hypothesis test ACT-1. Practice with p-values Use the density tool to practice finding p-values. I. Set the mean to 35, the standard deviation to 12.5, and the sample size to 100. What is the probability of finding a value: a. less than 33 .055 b. greater than 37.1 .039 c. less than 32.8 or greater than 36.9 .039+.065=.104 II. Change the sample size to 250. Now that the sample size is greater, find the following probabilities and compare them with those found in the first question: a. less than 33 .006 b. greater than 37.1 .004 c. less than 32.8 or greater than 36.9 .003+.008=.011 Larger samples taken from the same population have a much smaller chance to have a mean value far from the population mean. Increasing the sample size by a factor of 2.5 decreased the likelihood of these rare events by a factor of 10. III. Keeping the sample size at 250 and the mean at 35, try changing the standard deviation to 11 (a difference of only 1.5 from the previous standard deviation) and compare these results with the results you obtained in the second question. a. less than 33 .034 b. greater than 37.1 .029 c. less than 32.8 or greater than 36.9 .023+.042=.065 A relatively small, about 10% decrease in the standard deviation had a huge effect increasing (by a factor of 6) the chances for certain sample mean values to come up that are far form the population mean.. IV. Set the mean to 34, the standard deviation to 12.5, and the sample size to 100. Find the following probabilities and compare them with the ones you found in the first question. a. less than 33 .21 b. greater than 37.1 .007 c. less than 32.8 or greater than 36.9 .167+.01=.177 33 is much closer (almost 1.25 closer which would be a full standard deviation closer) to the mean now so chances for a sample mean to be 33 increased dramatically. On the other and 37.1is a full standard deviation further than where it was when the mean was 35. therefore fewer samples show this value. In part c) the lower value got closer the higher value mover further form the mean so it evens out to about the same chance overall as in the corresponding part in I. Write a brief summary of what you observed when certain values were changed. MRA-1. Population Mean Hypotheses Each of the following paragraphs calls for a statistical test about a population mean m. State the null hypothesis H0 and the alternative hypothesis Ha in each case. (a)The diameter of a spindle in a small motor is supposed to be 5 mm. If the spindle is either too small or too large, the motor will not work properly. The manufacturer measures the diameter in a sample of motors to determine whether the mean diameter has moved away from the target. H0: =5 Ha: 5 (b)Census Bureau data show that the mean household income in the area served by a shopping mall is $42,500 per year. A market research firm questions shoppers at the mall. The researchers suspect the mean household income of mall shoppers is higher than that of the general population. H0: =42,500$ Ha: >42,500$ The examinations in a large accounting class are scaled after grading so that the mean score is 50. The professor thinks that one teaching assistant is a poor teacher and suspects that his students have a lower mean score than the class as a whole. The TA's students this semester can be considered a sample from the population of all students in the course, so the professor compares their mean score with 50. H0: =50 Ha: 50 MRA-4. Explaining Ethnocentrism A social psychologist reports that in our sample, "ethnocentrism was significantly higher (p= 0.05) among church attenders than among nonattenders." Explain what this means in language understandable to someone who knows no statistics. Do not use the word "significance" in your answer. Researchers found that the percentage of ethnocentrics was higher among church attenders compared with the same percentage for non-attenders. In fact the evidence for that was so extreme that if there was no difference between the percentage of ethnocentrics between attenders and non-attenders we would see

Censorship Gone Too Far

This review has passed seven cited quotes regardless of whether you entered the music store or not and you are seeing parent consultation stickers in most of today's popular music. Or, the TV viewer rating is displayed in the upper left corner of your favorite show. What is your favorite video game rating? I believe that you have, but you truly know the influence of these so-called harmless stickers and images on the world of entertainment and your freedom of expression. Recently, in the United States I advertised family values Music review by students at the University of Maryland has gone far. Recently, society as a whole has been influenced by increasingly intense controversy over music censorship. The censorship system is defined as the supervision and management of information and dissemination in society. Many people think that reviewing music is only hiding the truth of American people. This is obviously a biased problem involving the music industry and the people with which i t interacts. Because everyone has their own perspective, censorship is subject to increasingly hot discussion and discussion. The censorship system is unconstitutional as it restricts people's freedom of speech. If legislators can limit this right, what rights do they restrict next? It is a direct infringement of the rights given to us in the first amendment and further reviews should not allow for review if the government limits one right! The censorship system is a controversial subject, and many people think that there are too many censorship systems, but many people think censorship system is far from sufficient. Most people agree that censorship is the management of information and ideas communicated in society. Books can be banned for four reasons: politics, sex, society, religion. - Throughout history, books had a major impact on the society they write. Many of the most important classics in history were challenged or even banned by people of those days. Great novels like Mar k Twain's Adventures of The Huckleberry Finn and Nathaniel Hawthorne's Red Letter have been challenging for years.

Velocity 2 - Part II Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Velocity 2 - Part II - Assignment Example In my opinion, this creates more waste. The reason this is said is that such employees who are neglected rather refuse to add any value to the organization. It is therefore important to identify lack of employee utilization as a major bottleneck within the organization, which is worth addressing for the collective success of the organization (King, 2011). The points you raised are very important and useful for any organization that wants to clearly identify why it is not improving. This is because conflict among management can be a major hindrance that will retard the growth of organizations. As an insight to the situation, I believe that most organizations come to face this bottleneck when there is lack of clear consensus as to who should take leadership affair and manage the organization. Most of the time, everyone wants to be a leader of their own, creating so much conflict of ideas (King, 2011). There is however a way out to dealing with this situation. Instead of everyone seeing themselves as bosses, the company can employ the use of shared responsibility, where specific roles are defined to each person. After this, each person must be given clear demarcations as to where their authority ends. Then more importantly, the roles of the leaders must be joined together with the collective goal of the organization so as to avoid the w aste of leadership resources (Jacob,

Recruit Requirements Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Recruit Requirements - Assignment Example The applicant further needs to have a valid driver’s license and successfully pass Physical Abilities Test (PAT), Polygraph examination, ad psychological examination (Florida highway patrol: 65th anniversary 1939-2004, 2005). They must be a citizen of United States aged 21 years or older. They should possess a High School Diploma or GED. They should also not have visible tattoos on their bodies when wearing standard uniform of the day. They should not have used any illegal drugs whatsoever for a period of not less than 3 years of making application or after they have attained 30 years of age. The applicant should also demonstrate good moral character and have no felony convictions, arrests or other law enforcement engagements entailing perjury, false statements, or criminal traffic offences. Other qualification include six months free of tobacco use and must have successfully passed investigation tests and polygraph examination (Gee, 2014). A contrasts of the requirements for Florida State Police and join Hillsborough County Sheriff’s Office reveal a lot of similarity. However, an officer at sheriff’s office must be at least 21 years old as compared to 19 years age required for the state police. Also, while both of state police and sheriff’s office insists on physical qualifications, the former pays a lot of attention on this qualification. This is evidenced by the limited number of female employees in these department who find the training to be excessively rigorous. However, due to the nurture of their engagement and their expansive jurisdictional coverage, it is necessary for the state police to be a notch higher than their state counterparts when it comes to physical fitness. It is under the discretion of the physician conducting PAT to determine that the applicant meets the physical requirements necessary to perform the basic functions that appertains to the

The History of the Internet Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The History of the Internet - Research Paper Example At the height of Cold War, in 1962, the American Government was devising a plan that would enable the military to maintain its command and control system in an event of nuclear attack on the US. The RAND Corporation was given the task to conduct research and studies to find how the US army could maintain its command and control system if any of US cities come under nuclear attack. After due deliberation and diversified studies, Rand Paul Baran from RAND Corporation submitted his final proposal for a Packet Switched Network (Ruthfield 1995). ARPA, a branch of US department of defense ARPANET awarded a contract to BBN to develop a decentralized architecture network. BBN constructed physical network linking four locations University of California at Los Angeles, SRI (in Stanford), University of California at Santa Barbara, and University of Utah. According to the record, the network was connected through a 50 Kbps circuits on wire (Ruthfield 1995). By 1973, it was established that besides ARPANET other networks have come into a successful existence like National Physical Laboratory in England and the scientific network CYCLADES in France. Undoubtedly, these different networks with different approaches are the foundation of our modern internet. CYCLADES, being a commercial network, had many commercial users who began transferring data from one user to the other. Here Packet switching was born (Dave n.d). In 1976, Dr. Robert M. Metcalfe developed Ethernet, which was a crucial invention to moving data faster through a coaxial cable. Following, Package Satellite Project, SATNET came into existence which connected United States with Europe thus bringing about the first intercontinental Internet in the history (Dave n.d). The same year ARPANET started working on a protocol, later to be called, TCP/IP to bring together different networks without interfering their basic structure. With the invention of TCP/IP protocol it became possible to connect

Special Needs Children in the UK

Special Needs Children in the UK Special Needs Children Introduction The essay will examine a number of polices and initiatives that have received attention from the UK government. There have been changes in the policies surrounding the country’s curriculum. Issues surrounding this policy reform will be examined in detail. Current trends in education policy have promoted inclusion. This means that children with special needs have been incorporated into mainstream classes. Post compulsory schooling is also top on the education agenda. Besides this, recent education policy has been surrounding issues of school’s marketability. All these issues will be examined and the subsequent impact of those policies given. (Besley and Ghatak, 2003) Inclusion of special needs children Before the introduction of polices around this area, there was an eight year old girl; Victoria Climbie who died under mysterious circumstances. There was therefore a need to make sure that interests of all children were safeguarded regardless of their nature. (Gipps and Stobart, 1997) The main Act passed surrounding the issue of inclusion was the ‘Every Child Matters Policy’ in the year 2004. The purpose of this Act was to ensure that all the children in the UK were adequately encompassed in the education regardless of the fact that they had special needs. It was passed with five aims; Protecting the social and economic well being of the child Ensuring that all children contribute positively to society Ensuring that children received enjoyed good health Ensuring that children were safe Find out how our expert essay writers can help you with your work The spirit of the Act is that most children should have the opportunity to learn together whether or not they have disabilities. Most of them had been placed in special schools where they were rather isolated. Most of them lacked the ability to socialize and fit into the rest of the world. But through inclusion into mainstream schools, children with special needs have been able to improve their social skills. Psychologists also claim that a mixed environment is more conducive for children’s learning rather than when they are isolated. Their self esteem also receives a boost because thy feel that they are good enough to learn with other children.(Blanden Gregg and Machin, 2005) Benefits of inclusive education are not only felt by those children with special needs alone, they are also beneficial to normal children. This is because they learn that children with special needs are not so different from them. It eliminates the fears and stereotypes that come are associated with special needs children. (Gipps and Stobart, 1997) However, there is a need for teachers to prepare well for these special needs children. Failure to do so will result in poor adjustments by the child and surrounding classmates. It is also the responsibility of all stakeholders in the field of education to readjust their systems such that children with special needs can fit in well. It has been emphasised time and time again that mainstream schools should not expect children with special needs to adjust to their programme. Instead, the opposite should occur.(Machin and Vignoles, 2004) This policy has increased the availability of resources towards the education of children with special needs. It has also exposed children with special needs to better teaching facilities and skills. Consequently, it has improved their performance and contributed to the attainment of their potential. (Besley and Ghatak, 2003) Marketability in schools In the early nineties, it had been found that most children above the age of sixteen had low retention rates. This normally applied to those who came from low income households. Most of them would drop out and join the market without ample knowledge to make it out there. Even those who were encouraged to stay ended up performing very poorly because they seemed not to have an interest in schooling. There results were clear evidence that something needed to be done to increase their numbers. It was found that in the late eighties, close to sixty seven percent of the students who sat for the GCSE exam got marks that fell below the A to C grade. It was therefore necessary to introduce a system that would encourage students to tackle the whole journey and complete it. (Kingdon and Stobart, 1998) You can get expert help with your essays right now. Find out more The government introduced the Education Reform Act of 1988; it was designed to encourage schools to admit more students. The government started funding schools directly rather than through the use of local government. Schools that admitted more students were liable to greater funds than those with lesser numbers. Parents were also given the choice of deciding which schools they would like to take their children. This was one of the most evolutionary policies because it allowed them to make the choice for themselves. (Gibbons, 2005) Alongside choice, parents were also given the choice of deciding who would be representing them in school boards. Schools were expected to be more accountable to parents by giving them more information about themselves. In light of those changes, the government introduced league tables. These were publications of students’ results in the newspapers highlighting the performance of those at the age of sixteen. It provided information about the best schools so that other non performing schools would be encouraged to improve. (Le Grand, 1993) Overly, the reform was aimed at making schools market themselves. They were not allowed to fall out or fail in the creation of a good market standing. As the years went by schools have a sort of quasi market in which their fate lies in their own hands (Gibbons, 2005) The main impact of this reform is that overall retention rates in the education system have increased. There have been more students completing their education and many of them are pursuing higher education. However, when one examines this issue critically, they realise the highest number of students getting retained in good schools come from privileged backgrounds. When schools market themselves, parents with higher income sources are able to afford the best schools because it is very likely that those very schools have the resources and personnel to achieve good performance. Consequently, this policy has brought about some elements of inequality in the UK education system. Most people from low income backgrounds lack the ability to afford good schools as seen from statistics. This has brought about social-economic disadvantages among members of the education community.(Le Grand, 1993) Despite these social problems, one must not ignore the facts on the ground; the number of students passing the final exams has increased. Whether some of them are coming from certain backgrounds does not undermine the increase in numbers. Centralisation During the early nineties, the UK realised that there was inadequate literacy levels among members of the adult population. Research conducted in this area revealed that this field needed some improvements. Surveys were done among young adults and older ones. The older ones were found to have average rates of literacy. However, the younger adults were found to fall below average levels compared to other countries who participated in the surveys. (Machin and McNally, 2004) These were the reasons why the UK government decided to change its curriculum. It created a national curriculum that was common to all schools. This was necessary in order to ascertain the same standards were maintained throughout all schools within the country. It was also done to ensure that those standards were high such that students could attain the high levels of literacy. The UK decided not to leave the duties and responsibilities of making a curriculum to specific schools but has introduced a national curriculum. These changes applied to students between the ages of seven to sixteen years.(Vignoles and Machin, 2004) Centralisation in the UK education sector has also taken the form of National Numeracy and Literacy classes. These are classes that are supposed to be taught on a daily basis to students in primary schools. They are meant to reinforce good literacy skills. Rigorous methods of assessment for these methods are also available from the government. Its main aim was to ensure that children leaving primary school had basic literacy skills. Tests were also conducted to ensure that students can adhere to requirements. Students are expected to sit for tests at the ages of 16, 14, 11, and 7 corresponding to key stages 4, 3, 2 and one. (Besley and Ghatak, 2003) The impact of this reform was that parents became more aware about what their children are learning. On top of this, nationalisation of the curriculum has the ability to standardise teaching processes. In the past, the education sector in the UK has had serious problems in recruiting competent and intelligent teachers. This was as a result of the negative mentality associated with the teaching profession (most bright students think it is below them); most teachers may not be very efficient in the teaching process. They therefore require some sort of guide to help them in determining what the right and wrong materials for teaching are. This was the reason why some of them were not choosing the right areas to address. A national curriculum is therefore an aid to teachers who may otherwise not know exactly what to teach.(Machin and McNally, 2004) Find out how our expert essay writers can help you with your work A survey done during 2004 in four hundred schools implementing the national curriculum shed some light on the impact of this policy. It has shown that attainment of literacy has greatly improved and children have better knowledge. However, these schools that showed the highest levels were the ones that observed strict adherence to stipulated requirements. (Hoxby, 2003) Admission into fields of higher education During the nineties, the UK government realised that there are few people who pursue higher education. This could be attributed to the fact that most of them had not done so well in their GCSE exam and therefore felt no need to continue. Some of the people who made the choice not to pursue higher education ended up joining vocational schools. This is not such a bad thing when results emerging from it are capable of earning those students respectable jobs in the market. But this was not the case, most students attending vocational training were not able to get good jobs and this left a lot to be desired in the field of education. (Bradley, 2001) One policy that was passed in response to this need was the improvement of Vocational training. Since UK realised that there were substantial members from student bodies who preferred this system, then they decided to improve it. The government has focused on making vocational training more professional and lucrative in the job market. This has been achieved through introduction of the National Vocational Qualification which was designed to make this field more streamlined. The policy introduced the issue of apprenticeship where students could attend regular classes but at the same time practice their skills at a work place for a period of three years. This would go a long way in ensuring that students who complete vocational training are highly qualified and have adequate capability to meet the demand of the highly competitive labour market.(Dearden, 2002) Another aspect of policy within the UK that deals with encouragement of students to join higher education is the issue of Education Maintenance Allowance. This policy was introduced in order to encourage students coming from low income households to continue with higher education. This was a fee given to students between the ages of sixteen and nineteen who came from families that received low incomes. Homes that qualified had to be below a certain criteria designed by the government. The government realized that even if the quality of vocational schools had been improved, this was not enough to increase the numbers of students coming from poor homes. The allowance is continuously increased when students improve their performance thus encouraging them to keep up with attendance and to perform well.(Hoxby, 2003) You can get expert help with your essays right now. Find out more These reforms have had several effects on the education system in the UK. First of all, maintenance allowance has been very successful. A survey done on the year 2004 showed that there are 4.5 percent more students who continue onto higher education as a result of the introduction of an allowance. Besides this, it was found that retention rates increased to seven percent among males in their second nature. The research shows that most of these students were hindered from participating in higher education because students had insecurities about sources of funding. (Hansen and Vignoles, 2005) However, the vocational policies passed have not been very effective in bridging the gap between the academically qualified students and students who have passed through vocational training. The problem with this policy is that is has undergone too many reforms, consequently, employers are not aware of the exact curriculum that students follow within those vocational schools. Employers shun students who come from vocational schools because they believe that these students are the weak ones who could not qualify for other formal education systems. Some employers even prefer workers without any qualifications at all. The government should therefore focus on other more productive policies.(Chubb and Moe, 1990) Conclusion Education policy in the UK is constantly evolving. The most promising of these policies is that of inclusion of special needs children into mainstream schools. Vocational training policies have not been effective in encouraging students to pursue higher education. However, introduction of a centralised curriculum has improved performance. Similarly, introduction of quasi markets in education have also been highly successful.(Dixit, 2002) Reference: Besley, T. and M. Ghatak (2003): Incentives, Choice, and Accountability in the Provision of Public Services; Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Vol. 19, pp. 235-249 Blanden, J., P. Gregg and S. Machin (2005): Educational Inequality and Intergenerational, Mobility, in Machin, S. and A. Vignoles (eds.) What’s the Good of Education?; The Economics of Education in the United Kingdom, Princeton University Press Bradley, S. et al (2001): School Choice, Competition and the Efficiency of Secondary Schools in England; European Journal of Operational Research, No. 135, pp 527-544 Chubb, J and T. Moe (1990): Politics, Markets and UK’s Schools; The Brookings Institution Dearden, L. et al (2002): The Returns to Academic and Vocational Qualifications in Britain; Bulletin of Economic Research, No. 54, pp 249-274 Dixit, A. (2002): Incentives and Organizations in the Public Sector; Journal of Human Resources, No. 37, pp.696-727 Gibbons, S. et al (2005): Choice, Competition and Pupil Achievement; forthcoming Centre for Economics of Education Discussion Paper, No. 20, pp. 27 Gipps, C. and G. Stobart (1997): Assessment: A Teachers Guide to the Issues; Hodder and Stoughton Publishers Hansen, K. and A. Vignoles (2005): The United Kingdom Education System in an International Context, in Machin, S. and A. Vignoles (eds.) what’s the Good of Education?; The Economics of Education in the United Kingdom, Princeton University Press Hoxby, C. (2003): The Economics of School Choice, Chicago University Press Kingdon, M. and G. Stobart (1998): GCSE Examined; Falmer Press Le Grand, J. (1993): Quasi-markets and social policy; Macmillan Machin, S. and S. McNally (2004): The Literacy Hour; Centre for the Economics of Education Discussion, Paper 43 Machin, S. and A. Vignoles (2004): Educational Inequality: The Widening Socio-Economic Gap; Fiscal Studies, No.25, pp 107-28

My Personal Ethics Essay -- being an ethical decision maker

According to the New Oxford American Dictionary, ethics is defined as â€Å"moral principles that govern a person’s or group’s behavior.† Therefore, in an ideal world, ethics should play the ultimate role when making a decision. If ethics are the principles which guides one’s behavior then, ideally, all decisions should be made entirely based on ethics. Unfortunately, such is not always the case. A few problems arise when one tries to make an ethical decision, especially as a leader. First, ethics may mean different things to different people. For example, my religious and spiritual beliefs are the foundation for what I deem ethical. However, for someone else, ethics might be based on laws or their own personal understanding of what is right or wrong. Generally, I do believe there are some behaviors that all can agree upon as being ethical or unethical. For example, most people understand that stealing from someone or murder is wrong. However, it is difficult, at times, to have similar ethical expectations of others as one does of themselves because of these differences in the understanding of ethics. Additionally, there are times when it might be easier for a leader to make an unethical decision for an immediate gain or to appease the wants of others. Examples of these include leaders who embezzle money or use other schemes to make money quickly or unlawfully. For most leaders, making ethical decisions tends to be the goal. I firmly believe that more often than not, leaders do make ethical decisions for the betterment of their organization or business. There are cases when making an unethical decision might be easier, but the true character of a leader is tested when they are confronted with such a decision. Making the easier ... ...ply share with others what I believe and value. I also communicate my personal ethics through my actions. If my decisions are made according to my ethical beliefs, then others should be able to recognize, through my behavior, what my personal morals are. Overall, being an ethical decision maker is important to me. As a leader, I understand that I play a part in establishing what is considered right and wrong, based on my actions and decisions. My hope is to always be an example, and being ethical is the foundation of setting a good example for others. The old adage, â€Å"actions speak louder than words† rings true in relation to ethics. I aim to show people what my moral principles are based on my actions. At times, it can get difficult because I might let emotions cloud my judgment, but after all, doing the right thing for the sake of others is most important to me.

Week 9’s Final

Part One †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Write an essay of at least 700 words. Comprehensive writing skills must be used. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The First Amendment to the Constitution bars Congress from infringing on the freedom of speech of the citizenry of the United States. It does not prohibit private restrictions on speech. With this in mind, many universities have over the years instituted speech codes or have banned hate-speech. If you were in charge of a university what rules would you make for student conduct online?Explain your reasoning and support your answer with examples and other evidence. If our legal reality truly reflected our political rhetoric about liberty, Americans and especially American college and university students would be enjoying a truly remarkable freedom to speak and express controversial ideas at the dawn of the twenty-first century. Virtually every public official declares a belief in â€Å"freedom of speech. † Politicians extol the virtues of freedom and boast of America’s unique status as a nation of unfettered expression.Judges pay homage to free speech in court opinions. Even some fringe parties’ communists and fascists who would create a totalitarian state if they were in power have praised the virtues of the freedom they need for their survival. Few individuals speak more emphatically on behalf of freedom of speech and expression, however, than university administrators, and few institutions more clearly advertise their loyalty to this freedom than universities themselves.During the college application process, there is a very high probability that you received pamphlets, brochures, booklets, and catalogs that loudly proclaimed the university’s commitment to â€Å"free inquiry,† â€Å"academic freedom,† â€Å"diversity,† â€Å"dialogue,† and â€Å"tolerance. â€Å"You may have believed these declarations, trusting th at both public and private colleges and universities welcome all views, no matter how far outside the mainstream, because they want honest difference and debate.Perhaps your own ideas were â€Å"unusual† or â€Å"creative. † You could be a liberal student in a conservative community, a religious student at a secular institution, or even an anarchist suffering under institutional regulations. Regardless of your background, you most likely saw college as the one place where you could go and hear almost anything—the one place where speech truly was free, where ideas were tried and tested under the keen and critical eyes of peers and scholars, where reason and values, not coercion, decided debate.Freedom and moral responsibility for the exercise of one’s freedom are ways of being human, not means adopted to achieve this or that particular point of view. Unfortunately, ironically, and sadly, America’s colleges and universities are all too often dedicate d more to censorship and indoctrination than to freedom and individual self-government. In order to protect â€Å"diversity† and to ensure â€Å"tolerance,† university officials proclaim, views deemed hostile or offensive to some students and some persuasions and, indeed, some administrators are properly subjected to censorship under campus codes.In the pages that follow, you will read of colleges that enact â€Å"speech codes† that punish students for voicing opinions that simply offend other students, that attempt to force religious organizations to accept leaders who are hostile to the message of the group, that restrict free speech to minuscule â€Å"zones† on enormous campuses, and that teach students sometimes from their very first day on campus that dissent, argument, parody, and even critical thinking can be risky business. Simply put, at most of America’s colleges and universities, speech is far from free.College officials, in betraying th e standards that they endorse publicly and that their institutions had, to the benefit of liberty, embraced historically, have failed to be trustees and keepers of something precious in American life. This  Guide  is an answer and, we hope, an antidote to the censorship and coercive indoctrination besetting our campuses. In these pages, you will obtain the tools you need to combat campus censors, and you will discover the true extent of your considerable free speech rights, rights that are useful only if you insist upon them.You will learn that others have faced and overcome the censorship you confront, and you will discover that you have allies in the fight to have your voice heard. The  Guide  is divided into four primary sections. This introduction provides a brief historical context for understanding the present climate of censorship. The second section provides a basic introduction to free speech doctrines. The third provides a series of real-world scenarios that demons trate how the doctrines discussed in this  Guide  have been applied on college campuses.Finally, a brief conclusion provides five practical steps for fighting back against attempts to enforce coercion, censorship, and indoctrination. Part Two †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Write an essay of at least 700 words. Comprehensive writing skills must be used. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Between 1949 and 1987, the Fairness Doctrine was an FCC rule designed to provide â€Å"reasonable, although not necessarily equal† opportunities in presenting opposing viewpoints in radio broadcasting in order to avoid one-sided presentations.The practice was repealed under President Reagan as part of a wider deregulation effort. Do you think the Fairness Doctrine should be revived, revised, or left dead? Why? The  Fairness Doctrine  was a policy of the United States  Federal Communications Commission  (FCC), introduced in 1949, that required the holders of  broadcast licenses  to both present controversial issues of public importance and to do so in a manner that was, in the Commission's view, honest, equitable and balanced.The FCC decided to eliminate the Doctrine in 1987, and in August 2011 the FCC formally removed the language that implemented the Doctrine The Fairness Doctrine had two basic elements: It required broadcasters to devote some of their airtime to discussing controversial matters of  public interest, and to air contrasting views regarding those matters. Stations were given wide latitude as to how to provide contrasting views: It could be done through news segments, public affairs shows, or editorials.The doctrine did not require equal time for opposing views but required that contrasting viewpoints be presented. The main agenda for the doctrine was to ensure that viewers were exposed to a diversity of viewpoints. In 1969 the  United States Supreme Court  upheld the FCC's general  right  to enf orce the Fairness Doctrine where channels were limited. But the courts did not rule that the FCC was  obliged  to do so. 3]  The courts reasoned that the scarcity of the broadcast spectrum, which limited the opportunity for access to the airwaves, created a need for the Doctrine. However, the proliferation of cable television, multiple channels within cable, public-access channels, and the Internet have eroded this argument, since there are plenty of places for ordinary individuals to make public comments on controversial issues at low or no cost. The Fairness Doctrine should not be confused with the  Equal Time  rule.The Fairness Doctrine deals with discussion of controversial issues, while the Equal Time rule deals only with political candidates. The Fairness Doctrine has been both defended and opposed on First Amendment grounds. Backers of the doctrine claim that listeners have the right to hear all sides of controversial issues. They believe that broad-casters, if left alone, would resort to partisan coverage of such issues. They base this claim upon the early history of radio.Opponents of the doctrine claim the doctrine's â€Å"chilling effect† dissuaded broadcasters from examining anything but â€Å"safe† issues. Enforcement was so subjective, opponents argued, there was never a reliable way to determine before the fact what broadcasters could and could not do on the air without running afoul of the FCC. Moreover, they complain, print media enjoy full First Amendment protection while electronic media were granted only second-class status. I'll be honest, I'd never even heard of the Fairness Doctrine until I read this question.After looking it up on a few different sites, I'd have to say I’m still not entirely sure whether or not I think it should be reinstated. I see both pro's and cons to requiring licensed broadcast stations to present controversial public issues (which tends to apply mainly to political situations) in a fair, equal and honest way. I think this would create a more balanced source of rational discourse and  information  for the public on such issues and in this way serves the public interest.That being said, I think this is getting uncomfortably close to infringing upon freedom of the press and speech. I understand that the Fairness doctrine has the best of intentions and has even served us well in the past, But often, even good legislation leads to increased powers and control for government. No matter how many checks and balances our government has, It only takes one government official's loose interpretation of a law in order to justify abusing his office and encroaching up the basic rights our constitution grants us.